6.1    Pros and cons of the threatening processes approach

6.2    Threatening processes – their relation to marine-based industries and activities

THREATENING PROCESSES

6.3    Overexploitation

6.3.1   Effects of exploitation on target and non-target species and communities
6.3.2   Examples  - effects of exploitation on target species
6.3.3   Information and research needs, and management options

6.4    Physical damage / habitat alteration and loss

6.4.1   Effects of physical damage and habitat alteration
6.4.2   Examples – effects of habitat loss in marine ecosystems
6.4.3   Information, research needs, and management

6.5    Introduced  (non-indigenous) species

6.5.1   Effects of introduced species on native species, communities and ecosystems
6.5.2   Examples of introduced marine species
6.5.3   Information, research needs, and management

6.6    Pollution

6.6.1   Effects of different types of pollution
6.6.2   Information, research needs and management

6.7    Long-term environmental change

6.7.1   Potential effects of global warming and climate change on marine invertebrates and their habitats
6.7.2   Ozone depletion and UV radiation
6.7.3   Examples – effects of global climate change on marine communities
6.7.4   Information, research needs and management

6.8    Problems with complex, unknown or debated origins

6.8.1   Diseases and parasites
6.8.2   Population outbreaks of invertebrate predators or grazers
6.8.3   Red tides (dinoflagellate blooms)
6.8.4   Information, research needs, and management

6.9    Synergistic / cascading effects of multiple threatening processes

6.9.1   Information, research needs and management

ACTIVITIES (AGENTS) RESPONSIBLE FOR THREATENING PROCESSES

6.10   Fisheries and other forms of biotic exploitation

6.10.1  Effects of fishing on non-target species, communities and ecosystems
6.10.2  Commercial fisheries
6.10.3  Recreational and minor commercial or semi-commercial fishing
6.10.4  Management options and recommendations

6.11   Aquaculture

6.11.1  Effects of aquaculture
6.11.2  Management options

6.12   Shipping and transport

6.12.1  Shipwrecks and groundings
6.12.2  Cruise ships
6.12.3  Transport of exotics
6.12.4  Antifouling paints
6.12.5  Management issues and recommendations

6.13   Petroleum, gas or mineral exploration and production

6.13.1  Oil and gas
6.13.2  Mineral exploration and mining
6.13.3  Management issues and recommendations

6.14   Recreation and tourism

6.14.1  Management issues and recommendations

6.15   Waste disposal

6.16   Coastal development

6.16.1  Impacts from coastal development
6.16.2  Management issues and recommendations

6.17   Land use in catchments

6.17.1  Impacts
6.17.2  Management issues and recommendations

6.18   Summary of recommendations